Inflammation, Dopaminergic Brain and Bilirubin

Dopamine is a well-known neurotransmitter due to its involvement in Parkinson’s disease (PD). not only involved PD but also controls multiple mental and physical activities, such as the pleasure of food, friends loved ones, music, art, mood, cognition, motivation, fear, affective disorders, addiction, attention deficit disorder, depression, schizophrenia. Dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn) are susceptible stressors, inflammation recognized risk for neuronal malfunctioning cell death major neurodegenerative diseases. Less known non-neurodegenerative conditions. Among endogenous defenses, bilirubin, heme metabolite, has been shown possess important anti-inflammatory activity and, most importantly, prevent DOPAn demise an ex vivo model by acting on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). This review summarizes evidence linking DOPAn, (when possible, specifically TNFα), bilirubin order understand what known, gaps that need filling, hypotheses strategies preserve dopamine homeostasis with included.